The Abu Simbel Relocation
Moving One of Egypt's Greatest Monuments
Lost once to the sands of the desert, Abu Simbel was almost lost for a second time when the construction of the Aswan High Dam threatened to submerge the site under the waters of Lake Nasser. The Egyptian government along with UNESCO and a team of engineers, scientists and archaeologists worked for four years to relocate the monument 200 feet from the original site.
History of Abu Simbel
Originally built between 1244 BC and 1224 BC, Abu Simbel was a monument to the greatness of Ramesses II. It consists of two temples, The Temple of Ramesses and th Temple of Nefertari (who was his favorite wife). Carved out of the cliff side the temples make any visitor feel insignificant in comparison with the great temple (Ramesses) standing 100 feet tall by 119 feet wide with 75 foot statues and the smaller temple (Nefertari) is 80 feet wide. Abu Simbel is unique not only in its size and popularity but in the fact that it is the only temple in Egypt dedicated to a queen and the only time in Egyptian history that the queen is portrayed as the same size as the pharaoh, which proved that he thought of her as an equal. The temples were rediscovered in 1813 by J.L. Burckhardt who passed on his discovery to explorer Giovanni Belzoni. Four years later Belzoni finally cleared the enterance to the temple and took everything he could carry. The name of the site, according to legend, was the name of a young boy who first led Burckhardt to the temple.
The Aswan High Dam
The first Aswan dam (the Low Dam) was built by the British in 1898 in an attempt to increase cotton production in Egypt. It was later added to in 1907 and again in 1929. When it almost flooded in 1946 it was proposed that a new dam be built four miles upriver. After the Egyptian Revolution by the Free Officers in 1952, Gamal Nasser became the nation's leader and official plans were drawn up. The dam was to be constructed with funding by the USA, Britain and the Wolrd Bank. However, due to Egypt's alliance with the Soviet Union in the midst of the Cold War, the Americans backed out, stating that Egypt hadn't got the water rights that were crucial to the building of the dam (which was part of the original deal). In an attempt to gain funding for the project, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal which sparked the Suez War as the UK, France and Israel invaded Egypt. The Soviets stepped up to fund the Aswan project in 1958 and provided technicians and heavy equipment. The High Dam's Construction began in 1960 and by 1964 the resevoir of Lake Nasser had already began to rise.
The Relocation of Abu Simbel
By 1956 it became apparent that the rising waters of Lake Nasser would destroy a large part of Egypt's glorious past and by 1960 there were plans in place to move 24 major monuments along the shores of the Nile. The relocation was co-funded by the Egyptian government and UNESCO, who raised funds from donors all around the world. The $40 million project began in 1964 and has been considered by many as the greatest feat of archaeological engineering ever. Each temple was cut into large bloocks, moved 65 meters higher and 200 meters back and then reassembled and fixed together with concrete. Careful consideration was given to the positions of the temples both in relation to each other and to the sun. When the relocation was complete, construction crews built large concrete domes that could support the 10,000 tonnes of rock of the hills that were built around the temples to keep the original look of being carved into the cliffs. The relocation gained a lot of media attention which made Abu Simbel one of the most visited sites in Egypt with thousands of visitors coming to see the temples every day.
Abu Simbel's Relocation
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Concrete Dome Above Abu Simbel
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The Reconstruction of Abu Simbel
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